Influences of Sr2+ Doping on Microstructure,Giant Dielectric Behavior,and Non-Ohmic Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12/CaTiO3 Ceramic Composites

The microstructure, dielectric response, and nonlinear current-voltage properties of Sr²⁺-doped CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂/CaTiO₃ (CCTO/CTO) ceramic composites, which were prepared by a solid-state reaction method using a single step from the starting nominal composition of CCTO/CTO/xSrO, were investigated. The CCTO and CTO phases were detected in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The lattice parameter increased with increasing Sr²⁺ doping concentration. The phase compositions of CCTO and CTO were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with elemental mapping in the sintered ceramics. It can be confirmed that most of the Sr²⁺ ions substituted into the CTO phase, while some minor portion substituted into the CCTO phase. Furthermore, small segregation of Cu-rich was observed along the grain boundaries. The dielectric permittivity of the CCTO/CTO composite slightly decreased by doping with Sr²⁺, while the loss tangent was greatly reduced. Furthermore, the dielectric properties in a high-temperature range of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites can be improved. Interestingly, the nonlinear electrical properties of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites were significantly enhanced. The improved dielectric and nonlinear electrical properties of the Sr²⁺-doped CCTO/CTO ceramic composites were explained by the enhancement of the electrical properties of the internal interfaces.     

Facile preparation of MgAl2O4/CeO2/Mn3O4 heterojunction photocatalyst and enhanced photocatalytic activity

Novel Mn₃O₄-promoted double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was constructed by one-step synthesis method and two-step synthesis method. The X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical and photoluminescence demonstrated that the MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by the two-step synthesis method comprehends a high crystallinity, charge carrier migration and separation efficiency, and relatively low optical absorption coefficient. The MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunction photocatalysts were efficiently used as simulated sunlight-driven n-n and p-n double junction photocatalyst for the simultaneous degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The continuous double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunctions strengthened the function of single n-n or p-n junction and guided the charge carrier migration and separation direction; thus, the oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the active site of spatial separation and prevent the recombination of electrons and holes. The results suggest that the continuous double p?n junction MgAl₂O₄/CeO₂/Mn₃O₄ heterojunctions are very promising candidate material for enhancing the photocatalytic activity in the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye.     

Low percolation conductive graphite flakes-filled poly(urethane-imide) composites with high thermal stability via imidization self-foaming structure

In the study, the conductive graphite flakes filled poly(urethane-imide) composites (PUI/GFs) with high performance were constructed by the thermal imidization self-foaming reaction. It was found that the foaming action could promote the redistribution of GFs during curing process and the formation of stable linear conductive pathways. The percolation threshold of PUI/GFs composites was lowered from 1.26 wt% (2000 mesh GFs) or 0.86 wt% (1000 mesh GFs) to 0.79 wt% (500 mesh GFs), which were relatively low percolation thresholds for polymer/GFs composites so far. When the content of 500 mesh GFs was 4.0 wt%, the electrical conductivity of the composite was as high as 3.96 × 10^?1 S/m. Also, a poly(urethane-imide) (PUI) matrix with excellent thermal stability (T_d10%: 334.97 °C) and mechanical properties (elongation at break: 324.52%, tensile strength: 15.88 MPa) was obtained by introducing the rigid aromatic heterocycle into the polyurethane (PU) hard segments. Moreover, the zero temperature coefficient of resistivity for the composites was observed at the temperature range from 30 °C to 200 °C. Consequently, PUI/GFs composites may provide the novel strategy for considerable conductive materials with high thermal stability in electrical conductivity.     

Analytical analysis of anisotropic thermophoresis of a charged spheroidal colloid in aqueous media for extremely thin EDL cases

Thermophoresis of charged spheroids has been widely applied in biology and medical science. In this work, we report an analysis of the anisotropic thermophoresis of diluted spheroidal colloids in aqueous media for extremely thin EDL cases. Under the boundary layer approximation, we formulate the thermophoretic velocity, the thermophoretic force, and the thermodiffusion coefficient of a randomly dispersed spheroid. The parametric studies show that under the aforementioned conditions, the thermophoresis is anisotropic and its thermodiffusion coefficient should be considered as a vector, D _T. The thermodiffusion coefficient values and directions of D _T are strongly related to the aspect ratio and the angle θ between the externally applied temperature gradient and the particle's axis of revolution: The increasing aspect ratio enlarges the thermodiffusion coefficient value D_T of prolate (oblate) spheroids to a constant value when θ < 60° (θ > 45°), and it reduces D_T of prolate (oblate) spheroids to a constant value when θ > 60° (θ < 45°). The thermodiffusion coefficient direction of both prolate and oblate spheroids deviates slightly from −∇T_∞ for a small aspect ratio, and such deviation becomes serious for a large aspect ratio.     

Enhanced Reproducibility of Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect of CB/HDPE/PVDF Composites with the Addition of Ionic Liquid

Developing an effective method for improving the reproducibility of positive temperature coefficient(PTC) effect is of great significance for large-scale application of polymer based PTC composites, owing to its contribution to the security and reliability. Herein, we developed a carbon black(CB)/high density polyethylene(HDPE)/poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) composite with outstanding PTC reproducibility, by incorporating 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([OMIm][NTf_2]) into the composite. After multiple repeated temperature cycles, the PTC performance of as-prepared material keeps almost unchanged and the varition of resistance at room temperature is less than 7%. Our studies revealed that [OMIm][NTf2] contributes to the improvement of PTC reproducibility in two ways:(i)it acts as an efficient plasticizer for refining the co-continuous phase morphology of HDPE/PVDE blends;(ii) it inhibits the crystallization of PVDF through the dilution effect, leading to more overlaps of the volume shrinkage process of HDPE and PVDF melt which results in the decrease of interface gap between HDPE and PVDF. This study demonstrated that ionic liquids as the multifunctional agents have great potential for improving the reproducibility in the application of the binary polymer based PTC composites.     

Identification of the zeroth-order coefficient and fractional order in a time-fractional reaction-diffusion-wave equation

In this paper, we investigate an inverse problem of recovering the zeroth-order coefficient and fractional order simultaneously in a time-fractional reaction-diffusion-wave equation by using boundary measurement data from both of uniqueness and numerical method. We prove the uniqueness of the considered inverse problem and the Lipschitz continuity of the forward operator. Then the inverse problem is formulated into a variational problem by the Tikhonov-type regularization. Based on the continuity of the forward operator, we prove that the minimizer of the Tikhonov-type functional exists and converges to the exact solution under an a priori choice of regularization parameter. The steepest descent method combined with Nesterov acceleration is adopted to solve the variational problem. Three numerical examples are presented to support the efficiency and rationality of our proposed method.     

半线性抛物最优控制问题全离散插值系数有限元方法的收敛性分析

本文考虑全离散插值系数有限元方法求解半线性抛物最优控制问题,其中控制变量用分片常数函数逼近,状态变量和对偶状态变量用分片线性函数逼近.对于方程中的半线性项,先用插值系数技巧处理,再用牛顿迭代法求解.通过引入一些辅助变量和投影算子,并利用有限元空间的逼近性质,得到半线性抛物最优控制问题插值系数有限元方法的收敛性结果;数值算例结果验证了理论结果的正确性.     

基于连续小波变换下的土壤有害元素砷含量估测

与传统检测方法相比,利用高光谱技术进行土壤有害元素砷含量的估算,具有快速、准确,成本低的特点,可对干旱区绿洲土壤有害元素砷污染进行动态监测。基于新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕层土壤样品的采集,获取土壤光谱数据和有害元素砷含量。通过bior1.3,db4,gaus4和mexh这4种小波基函数对土壤原始光谱反射率进行连续小波变换,并将变换后光谱数据与有害元素砷进行相关分析,以筛选出的敏感小波系数为自变量,采用偏最小二乘回归、支持向量机回归、BP神经网络和随机森林回归方法对有害元素砷含量进行高光谱反演。研究结果显示：（1）4种小波基函数在3~8尺度的光谱分解效果明显优于其他尺度,特别是4~6尺度的连续小波变换有效提升了光谱反射率与土壤有害元素砷之间的相关性,通过显著性检验的小波系数数量有了明显增多（p<0.01）,在可见光的400~700 nm以及近红外的1 100~1 700和2 200~2 400 nm附近具有较强的相关性;（2）通过比较4种小波基函数对光谱数据中有效信息的辨识能力,认为小波基函数bior1.3和mexh要优于db4和gaus4,其中bior1.3的光谱分解效果最好,gaus4相对最弱;通过bior1.3第5尺度的光谱变换,与土壤有害元素砷显著相关的波段数量最多,为507个（p<0.01）;（3）比较4种建模方法的反演结果发现,SVMR,BPNN和RFR模型相较于PLSR模型具有更强的估测能力,模型的估测精度更高。综合分析各模型的稳定性及估测精度后,认为bior1.3-25-RFR模型可作为研究区土壤有害元素砷的最佳估测模型。该模型的训练集和验证集的R2分别为0.893和0.639,RMSE为1.075和1.651 mg·kg-1,RPD分别为2.89和1.64,表明模型估测效果较好,稳定性较强。采用合适的小波基函数进行连续小波变换可减少土壤高光谱数据中的白噪声,挖掘出土壤光谱数据中的有效信息,对土壤有害元素砷含量的准确估测提供有力的技术保障。     

跨膜浓度梯度对渗透压囊泡循环活性的调控

本文通过分析囊泡在膨胀状态与孔隙状态的动力学行为,揭示调控膨胀拉伸能与孔隙势能的内在物理参量.建立递推微分方程的分析模型,该模型提供了膨胀-破裂循环特征量膨胀系数在各个循环中初始跨膜浓度梯度依赖性的定量信息.研究得出,通过增加初始跨膜浓度梯度,可加快膨胀系数增长速率(循环数为1时,初始跨膜浓度梯度增加3倍,膨胀系数增长速率增加2.65倍);随着循环数的增多,膨胀系数的增长由线性转变为非线性.此外,初始跨膜浓度梯度与循环次数密切相关,我们的模型计算预测增加初始跨膜浓度梯度可实现循环次数的增多.研究结果为靶组织以可编程方式释放活性生物治疗剂的发展提供了具有实际意义的理论依据.     

固-固界面退化特性的超声反射评价方法

提出了一种基于有限宽超声束反射的固-固界面退化特性评价方法,从理论和数值仿真角度进行了分析和计算。将两固体界面间的薄层简化为界面弹簧模型,以界面法向和切向劲度系数表征界面的退化程度。通过数值计算求得有限宽超声纵波束在不同入射角和界面不同退化程度下的反射横波、反射纵波的镜面反射系数。进一步地,通过建立二维有限元模型,仿真研究了有限宽超声纵波束在给定入射角及界面不同退化程度下镜面反射系数的变化规律。结果表明,反射纵波和反射横波的镜面反射系数随有限宽超声纵波束的入射角及界面劲度系数的改变而变化,且存在镜面反射系数随界面劲度系数单调且敏感变化的入射角,据此可准确评价界面的退化程度。